A white, inflammatory scaring condition called BXO can also develop in congenital tight foreskin in adults.

The Association Between Phimosis and Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (BXO) 

Phimosis, a condition characterised by the tightening of the foreskin, leading to difficulty in retracting it over the head of the penis, can appear at birth (congenital) or later in adult life (acquired). This blog also discussed the correlation between acquired tight foreskin and balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), also known as lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the genital area. 

Correlation Analysis of Phimosis and BXO: Notably, the association between acquired phimosis and BXO is more pronounced than congenital phimosis. BXO is identified as the primary causative factor for acquired phimosis in both adults and children. The inflammatory nature of BXO triggers scarring and constriction of the foreskin, consequently resulting in diseased and acquired phimosis. While the relationship between congenital phimosis and BXO is less explicit, BXO can also be present in cases of congenital phimosis. 

Significance and Treatment Modalities: The heightened risk of BXO linked to acquired phimosis underscores the critical importance of timely diagnosis and effective management. Early intervention for BXO is paramount in averting complications such as extensive scarring and urethral stricture. 

Treatment approaches vary based on severity and aetiology. In milder instances of acquired phimosis, topical corticosteroids and non-surgical interventions may be required. Surgical intervention, particularly circumcision, may be warranted in severe cases of phimosis or BXO, particularly when they pose significant discomfort, impede hygiene, or disrupt sexual function. 

Recent Study on BXO and Phimosis: A contemporary study sought to enhance our understanding of the correlation between BXO and phimosis. Histological analysis of tissue samples from 120 subjects who underwent circumcision for phimosis was conducted. Findings revealed a substantial presence of BXO, with 45.1% of subjects with congenital phimosis and 62.3% with acquired phimosis manifesting BXO. This data strongly indicates a robust association between BXO and acquired phimosis. 

Key message: The study distinctly underscores a robust correlation between BXO and acquired phimosis. Notably, the type of phimosis (congenital or acquired) emerged as the pivotal factor linked to BXO development in this investigation. Nevertheless, further research is warranted to validate and fortify these observations. 

Consultation with our Urological Specialist: Individuals faced with challenges retracting the foreskin are advised to seek consultation with our consultant urologists for precise diagnosis and tailored treatment options. 

Note: This blog is intended solely to serve an informative function and should not be taken as medical professional advice. For specific concerns, it is imperative to use the expertise of our consultant urologists.

The scarred foreskin due to balanitis xerotica obliterans requires prompt treatment

Lichen sclerosus of men genitalia is usually called balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO). This is progressive scarring with inflammatory disease of the head of the penis (also called glans penis) and foreskin. It may cause tight foreskin (called phimosis).  BXO has a significant abnormality which sometimes associated with urinary obstruction and sexual dysfunction. Medical treatment with steroids may require in early BXO.  Circumcision is indicated in the case of the tight foreskin (phimosis) due to BXO or foreskin trapped beyond the head of the penis during sexual activity (paraphimosis).

The following pathway should be adopted in the management of lichens sclerosis (BXO) phimosis

• Assessment and advice will require for the different option of treatments of BXO by our specialist Urologist 

• Consultation is important before the circumcision and other surgical procedures to know about the management. 

• Circumcision, biopsy and urethroplasty are surgical options.

• Follow up advice following the circumcision is an important part of the long-term advice. 

• Good practice to send a foreskin biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and exclude any skin cancer 

• Further steroid treatment may require treating the remaining BXO over the head of the penis after 4-6 weeks of circumcision

• Long term follow-up is required if biopsy proven BXO found after the circumcision   

Disclaimer: This information is not the replacement of medical professional advice. Please contact us for professional consultation.

Reference: Kwok R, Shah TT, Minhas S. Recent advances in understanding and managing Lichen Sclerosus. F1000Research. 2020;9.

Cracks on the foreskin

Cracked foreskin presents with mild burning, itching, swelling and red patches, and with tight foreskin (phimosis)

Cracks or fissures on the foreskin may be due to Inflammatory conditions of the foreskin (called posthitis) or head of the penis (balanitis) or both (balanoposthitis). These cracks could be painful and associated with fungal or bacterial infection, scarring conditions called lichen sclerosus (BXO), and tight foreskin (phimosis and Paraphimosis).

Fungal infections are usually responsible, most commonly involving the yeast called Candida albicans, which is associated with a bacterial infection. Foreskin yeast infection is generally called “candidiasis” or “thrush” and is not common in healthy individuals but in cancer, immunocompromised, and diabetic individuals.

Bacterial infections, especially Streptococcus organisms, are the second most common cause of balanitis. The sexual health clinic needs to exclude sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The most common STIs are Chlamydia trachomatis, genital mycoplasmas, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These can produce cracks and red foreskin.

Poor hygiene due to a tight foreskin can cause cracks on the foreskin and irritant balanitis.

Diabetic patients with uncircumcised men have a high (35%) prevalence of balanitis, which gives them cracks to the foreskin. Among men with an acquired tight foreskin, 26% had a history of diabetes. Tight foreskin (phimosis) in men with diabetes increases the risk of infection of the foreskin and glans.

Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) is a chronic, progressive, and sclerosing inflammatory foreskin disease of unknown cause. BXO will produce scars and cracks.

Treatment of the cracks is medical (antifungal, antibiotics and steroids) and surgical (dorsal slit, preputioplasty or circumcision). Control of sugar in diabetes patients is critical to managing the above treatment.

If cracks of freoskin are associated with tight foreskin (phimosis)

The treatment of phimosis depends on several factors, including age and the degree of tightness. Here are the available options:

1. Steroid Cream or Ointment: These reduce inflammation and improve foreskin elasticity.

2. Stretching Exercises: Beneficial, especially in the early stages of Phimosis.

 3. Stretching Rings (Phimostretch): Devices that aid gentle foreskin stretching.

If cracks of freoskin are associated with diseased freoskin (BXO)

We provide circumcision, dorsal slit or preputioplasty at our centre
Please get in touch with us for professional and expert advice by calling the mobile number below to the doctor directly.

Please call us at +447527314081 to discuss this further and get advice from our specialist team.

• Dr Nkwam: Consultant Urologist

• Dr Sanndher: Consultant Urologist

• Dr Khan: Paediatric Surgeon/Urologist

• Dr Safdar: Experienced Surgeon

London Circumcision Centre, Leyton and South Woodford Clinics, London